Group Interventions II

1. Course Number: PSY 514.80
2. Course Title: Group Interventions II (advanced)
3. Credit Hours: 3
4. Course Description and Objectives:

Continuation of the theory and practice of Psychodrama (on the advanced level) with emphasis on cognitive triad, thought records, clinical sociometry, the social atom concept, auxiliary ego techniques, and directing. Instruction will include both didactic and experiential modes.

Objectives: Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:

1. State and explain the basic principles of sociometry.
2. Demonstrate skill in developing & analyzing data from sociometric instruments using the COMPSOC of GraphPlot system.
3. Demonstrate skill in using the Social Networks Inventory as a diagnostic tool with individuals, groups, and families.
4. Demonstrate the operational procedure of the triadic cognitive model.
5. Understand the use of "thouht records" and how they tap "core-beliefs" of group memgbers.
6. Aid in role-development of protagonist as an auxiliary ego. Be able to take cues from both the director & protagonist. The director has to demonstrate keeping the auxiliary ego in role during the session.
7. Develop a varied repertoire of warm-up techniques.
8. Be able to select protagonists according to various group themes. Identify the protagonist and follow the Kellerman group model directing a classical psychodrama.
9. Be able to commence and terminate the psychodrama following the Hollander Psychodrama Curve or the Goldman/Morrison Spiral Circle.

V. Course Instructor: Dr. Thomas Treadwell

VI. Textbooks: Required

Kellerman, Peter. (1992). Focus on Psychodrama: The Therapeutic Aspects of Psychodrama. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Beck, J. S. (1995) Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond.

Treadwell, T., Saxton, M., and Mulholland, S.(1995). Computerized Sociometric Research. West Chester University, West Chester, PA (under revision).

Not Required!

Moreno, J.L., (1983). The Theatre of Spontaneity (3rd ed.). Horsham, Pa: Beacon House Inc.

Goldman, E. Morrison. D. (1989) Psychodrama: Experience and process. (3rd ed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.

Fox, J. (Ed.). (1987). The essential moreno: Writings on psychodrama, group methods, and spontaneity. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Holmes, P. , Karp, M. & Watson. M. (Eds.). (1994). Psychodrama Since Moreno. New York: Routledge Publishing Company.

Marineau, R. F.(1989). Jacob Levy Moreno 1894-1974: Father of psychodrama, sociometry, and group psychotherapy. New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall.

Williams, A. (1989). The passionate technique: Strategic psychodrama with individuals, families, and groups. New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall.

Articles:

Treadwell, T., Kumar, V., Stein,S. & Prosnick, K. (1997). Sociometry: Tools for research and practice. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 22 (1), 52-65.

Bashman, J. & Treadwell, T. (1995). Assessing the effectiveness of a psychodrama training video. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, & Sociometry, 48, 61-68.

Stein, S., Ingersoll, E. & Treadwell, T. (1995). Sociodrama and professional/ethical conflicts. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, & Sociometry, 47, 31-41.

Treadwell, T. Leach, E. & Stein, S. (1993). The social networks inventory. Small Group Research 24, 2, 155-178.

Treadwell, T., Stein, S., & Leach, E. (1989). The Moreno social atom test Revised: A sociometric instrument for measuring intra and interpersonal networks. International Journal of Small Group Research, 5, 1, 65-88.

Treadwell, T., Stein, S. & Kumar, V. (1988). A review of psychodramatic techniques for children, adolescents, & adults. British Journal of Psychodrama.

Treadwell, T. & Leach, E. (1987). An introduction to the COMP SOC system: A computerized method for processing sociometric data. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, & Sociometry.

Kumar, V. & Treadwell, T. (1986). Identifying a protagonist: Techniques & factors. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, and Sociometry. 38 (4), 155-164.,

Barbour, A. (1994) A reexamination of the tele effect. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama and Sociometry, 47, 3, 114-125.

Kipper, D. (1993). Psychodrama: Group psychotherapy through role playing. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 42, (4), 495-520

VII. Supplemental Readings:

Kipper, D. A. (1986). Psychotherapy through clinical role playing. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Hale, A.(1985). Conducting clinical sociometric explorations. Virginia: Roanoke, Author. (Royal Publishing Co.).

Heisey, M. J. (1982). Clinical case studies in Psychodrama. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, Inc.

Blatner, H. (1989). Acting-In. (2nd. ed.), New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Blatner, A. & Blatner, A. (1988). Foundations of Psychodrama: History, Theory, & Practice (3rd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Co

Greenberg, I.A. (Ed.). (1974). Psychodrama: Theory and therapy. New York: Behavioral Publications.

Haskell, M.R. (1975) Socioanalysis: Self direction via sociometry and psychodrama. Long Beach, California: Role Training Associates of California.

Jennings, H. H. (1950) Leadership and isolation: A study of personality in interpersonal relations. New York: Longmans, Green & Co.

Kumar, V. K. & Treadwell, T. (1985). Practical sociometry for psychodramatists. West Chester University, West Chester Pennsylvania: The Authors.

Rabson, J.S. (1979) Psychodrama: Theory and practice. Department of Sociology: University of Cape Town.

Starr. A. (1977). Rehearsal for living: Psychodrama. Chicago: Nelson Hall.

Treadwell, T. W. (1974). Confrontation & training via the group process. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Yablonsky, L. (1981). Psychodrama. New York: Gardner Press.

Warner, D. (1978). Psychodrama training tips. Hagerstown, Maryland: Maryland Psychodrama Institute.

Partial listing of journals available in WCU library

International Journal of Action Methods, Psychodrama, Skill Training Role Playing. 1997-

Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama & Sociometry. 1947-1997

Journal of Sociometry: 1937-1957

Note: Journals are in the periodical section. For the Group Psychotherapy Journal, issues from 1947-1980 are listed under "Group Psychotherapy". From 1981 to present they are listed under "Journal of Group Psychotherapy". Beginning 1997 to present they are listed under "International Journal of Action Methods, Psychodrama, Skill Training, and Role Playing".

Journal of Behavioral Therapy

Journal for Specialists in Group Work

International Journal of Sociometry

Small Group Behavior

International Journal of Small Group Research

VIII. Course Outline

Lecture, discussion and experiential approaches will be used to develop the following theoretical and applied principles:

a) The basic principles of sociometry

• Action sociometry
• Computerized sociometry
• Constructing sociometric tests & questions that are reliable and valid.
• Administration and analysis of test results.

b) Analysis of sociometric data

• degree of mutuality
• stars
• isolates
• triads
• quadrads
• chains
• sub-groups
• classical sociogram construction
• group structure

c) Social Network Inventory (social atom concept) as a diagnostic instrument:

• individual social atom
• psychological social atom
• collective social atom
• ideal dream social atom

d) Auxiliary ego training during the three psychodramatic phases:

• auxiliary development during warm-up phase
• auxiliary development during action phase
• auxiliary development during sharing phase
• doubling
• contrary doubling
• multiple doubling
• expanding role repertoire of auxiliaries

e.) To be able to implement the basic psychodramatic techniques within a specific sub-group.

• Presentation of one's self
• Role-playing
• The dialogue technique with significant others.
• Soliloquy
• The double & multiple double technique
• The aside technique
• Role reversal & the interview in role reversal
• The empty-chair or auxiliary chair technique
• The mirror technique

f) Rationale and clinical decision making and for directing a psychodrama session.

• To be able to utilize action methods, other than classical psychodrama, in a clinical setting.
• To be able to utilize group psychotherapy methods in a clinical setting.
• To be able select protagonist(s) following appropriate guidelines. When a likely protagonist emerges, it is critical that the director take all potential protagonists into consideration before continuing.
• To be able to keep within the time-boundaries of the session.
• To be able to function well in role of therapist (director) during the session.
• Evaluate the various ethical and moral obligations the director encounters with both protagonist and the group. (1992, APA code of ethical standards, 1989 Association for Specialists in Group Work Ethical Guidelines). For example, responsibility, moral standards, confidentiality, client welfare, public statements, patient/client relationship.
• To begin identifying one's own style of directing
• To employ the protagonist-centered psychodramatic model, (classical psychodrama).
• To utilize the central-concern, group-centered psychodramatic model.
• To be able to utilize the concept of transference, counter-transference, and tele during the psychodramatic process. Further, be able to pin-point transference and counter-transference that might occur with auxiliary egos.
• To be able to distinguish between transference, counter-transference and tele.

IX. Evaluation Procedures:

• Students acquisition of psychodramatic skills will be evaluated continuously during class sessions with the aid of V-C-R video tape critiques.
• Daily/weekly Journal: Due Wednesday, April 22nd.
• Keep daily journal of group experiences beginning today. Write -- record your thoughts in reference to your thougth records, psychodramas, psychodramatic and sociometric techniques. Journals take time. Organization of your journal entries become very important. Prefer that you keep your data written and in essay format on a computer -- but your preference is more important.
• Comprehension of assigned reading material will be assessed by written critiques of research.
• The final paper: A self report assignment utilizing psychodramatic techniques following Kellerman’s directorial model, analyst, producer, group leader, and therapist. This paper is theoretical, applied, and "technique based". Details to be discussed.
• Sociometry: Develop, administer, analyze and submit a report following of your results following APA format.

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