Chapter 2: Introduction to Scientific Methods

How to get answers to our curiosities

In the real world	In science
expectations about experience	expectations=hypotheses
have the experience	having the experience=scientifically observing the experience
integrate the experience	drawing conclusions/ consequences

Ways of observing/Scientific approaches

Naturalistic approach

i. no interference

ii. patterns

iii. use when there is little knowledge

iv. description

Form of hypotheses for naturalistic methods

Correlational approach

measuring 2 things

1^st step in determining causation

when experiments can't be used

Form of hypotheses for correlational methods

Experimental method

Form of hypotheses for experimental methods

if this happens, then that happens

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Operational definition

Problem=invalid results

resolution=construct validity
- Experimental group
- Control group
- Treatment effect
- Confounding variables
- Internal validity
- External validity
E.g.,
If another person is present in the room, then an individual will take longer to respond to an emergency"

IV=
DV=

"Consuming caffeine prior to bedtime will cause people to take longer to fall asleep"

IV=
DV=

"Praising people for helping will lead them to help again in the future"

IV=
DV=