How is altruism explained?

THEORY
LEVEL OF
EXPLANATION
MUTUAL ALTRUISM
INTRINSIC ALTRUISM
evolutionary
biological
reciprocity
kin selection
social norms
sociological
reciprocity
social responsibility
social exchange
psychological
external rewards
distress -> inner rewards
















Selfishness & Selflessness




-Subjects observed victims being shocked




-Low/High empathy elicited via instructions

-situation manipulated so that it was HARD/EASY for subjects to leave




 






































































Learning to be Altruistic







Reinforcement




 























































Modeling